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Conservation grazing
Conservation grazing is the use of semi-feral or domesticated grazing livestock to maintain and increase the biodiversity of natural or semi-natural grasslands, heathlands, wood pasture, wetlands and many other habitats.〔( Conservation Grazing ) Peninsula Open Space Trust, California, US, 2009. (cited 2009 Mar 11)〕〔(What is Conservation Grazing? ) Grazing Advice Partnership, UK, 2009. 〕 Conservation grazing is generally less intensive than practices such as prescribed burning,〔 but still needs to be managed to ensure that overgrazing does not occur. The practice has proven to be beneficial in moderation in restoring and maintaining grassland and heathland ecosystems. The optimal level of grazing will depend on the goal of conservation, and different levels of grazing, alongside other conservation practices, can be used to induce the desired results.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://online.wsj.com/article/NA_WSJ_PUB:SB10001424052748703578104575397420128248764.html )〕
==History of conservation grazing==
For historic grasslands, grazing animals, herbivores, were a crucial part of the ecosystem. When grazers are removed, historically grazed lands may show a decline in both the density and the diversity of the vegetation. The history of the land may help ecologists and conservationists determine the best approach to a conservation project.〔(History distribution and challenges to bison recovery in the northern Chiuahuan desert ) ''Rurik, L., G. Ceballos, C. Curtin, P. J. P. Gogan, J. Pacheco, and J. Truett''. Conservation Biology, 2007, 21(6): 1487-1494. 〕
Historic threats to grasslands primarily began with land conversion to crop fields. However, this threat shifted to improper land management techniques and more recently to the expansion of woody species of plants due to a lack of management and to climate change. These threats hinder the ecological importance of grassland communities. Grasslands are a carbon sink, and benefit livestock. Ecologically, if managed properly, conservation grazing can help to restore these historic ecological assets. However, if the grazing levels reach too high, shrubs will persist over grassland.〔An ecosystem in transition: causes and consequences of the conversion of Mesic grassland to shrubland ''Briggs, J. M., A. K. Knapp, J. L. Heisler, J. M. Blair, M. S. Lett, G. A. Hoch and J. K. Mccarron''. Bioscience, 2005, 55(3): 243-254. 〕
In 1985, the US established the Conservation Reserve Program (CRP), which gave money to farmers to leave land fallow, instead of using it for crops or grazing. It was argued that exclusion or use of moderate grazing would be an important factor in future decisions as to what to do with the land that was a part of the CRP program. The land could have varied uses in the future. The minimization of the effects of climate change has a lot to do with the sequestering of carbon, and expansive grasslands may play an essential role in this process.〔(Effects of grazing on restoration of southern mixed prairie soils ) ''Fuhlendorf, S.D., H. Zhang, T.R. Tunnel, D.M. Engle and A.F. Cross''. Restoration Ecology, 2002, 10(2): 401-407. 〕 But also it could be used for the rotation of crops to the benefit of wildlife populations.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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